Activity: Simulations – Using Hardy-Weinberg Simulator for Population Genetics

Instructions:

1. Tool Selection:
   Use a Hardy-Weinberg simulation tool (examples include: Biology Simulations - Hardy-Weinberg, Learn Genetics Simulator, PHET, or any online simulator).

2. Initial Setup:

   • Start with a population under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assumptions:

     • Large population size

     • Random mating

     • No mutation

     • No migration

     • No selection

   • Set initial allele frequencies (e.g., A = 0.6, a = 0.4). Run the simulation for 5–10 generations and record the frequencies of AA, Aa, and aa genotypes.

3. Apply Evolutionary Forces (Run 3 Scenarios):

   • Genetic Drift: Reduce population size drastically and observe fluctuations in allele frequencies.

   • Natural Selection: Apply selection against a genotype (e.g., aa) and observe how allele frequencies shift.

   • Migration: Simulate the introduction of individuals from a different population with different allele frequencies.

4. Record & Analyze:

   • Take screenshots or note values from each generation.

   • Create a simple line graph (using Excel or online chart tools) showing changes in allele frequencies across generations for each scenario.

5. Reflection Questions (Answer Briefly):

   • What conditions must be met for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium to hold true?

   • How did each evolutionary force affect the allele frequencies?

   • Which scenario showed the most drastic change and why?